Vulnerability identified in Amazon's cloud computing
machines still have Internet protocol, or IP, addresses, visible to anyone within the cloud. The researchers found that nearby addresses often share the same hardware on EC2. So, at the simplest level, an attacker can set up lots of his own virtual machines, look at their IP addresses, and figure out which one shares the same physical resources as an intended target.
Talbot writes that, in practice, achieving this co-residence is not so easy; the attacker has a much higher chance of success if he has created his virtual machines at nearly the same time as his victim. To achieve such timing, the paper says, an attacker could perhaps flood the victim’s website with requests, forcing the victim to expand his computing capacity by creating new virtual machines. The attacker would then create new virtual machines at the same time and check the IP addresses to confirm that he had landed in the right spots.
In other words, one of the key benefits of cloud computing — the ability instantly to expand or contract computational capacity as required — in this case provides a crucial vulnerability.
Once the researchers achieved such co-residence on Amazon’s infrastructure, they were able, by monitoring ebbs and flows of the servers’ processing speed and other factors, to indirectly learn what kinds of computing resources a would-be victim uses and when he uses them—often crucial clues that can reveal sensitive information about the victim’s activities.
“I might find out all kind of business intelligence with things that these ‘side-channels’ might leak,” says Radu Sion, a computer scientist at Stony Brook University who is chairing a cloud security workshop at an upcoming conference at which the paper will be presented. A flurry of heavy computational activity by a company running financial trading models, for example, could provide clues to a pending market movement. Concurrent high levels of activity between two brokers could suggest a pending transaction.
While the researchers said that actual theft of data is possible, they did not go ahead to demonstrate it. “Stealing encryption keys isn’t something we have demonstrated in this context yet, but we have demonstrated that the underlying side-channels are capable of that,” says Tromer.
It may even be possible to detect the victim’s passwords through a so-called keystroke attack, Tromer says. Earlier research has demonstrated that analyzing the timing of keystrokes can reveal which letters have been struck on a keypad. The current paper adapted that insight to suggest that small spikes in activity from a victim’s previously idle virtual machine can reveal the activity of a person typing a password. Measuring subtle load-changes provides a way of detecting the timing of the keystrokes and thus, potentially, the password.
The approach could also be used to perform much cruder attacks. If an attacker sits on the same servers as his victim, a conventional denial-of-service attack becomes possible simply by amping up his resource usage all at once.
In a statement, Amazon spokesman Kay Kinton says Amazon has “rolled out safeguards that prevent potential attackers from using the cartography techniques described in the paper.” She added that for security reasons, Amazon could not disclose the details. Tromer, however, says that the only full solution available today would be to give customers the option to avoid sharing physical servers with other customers. Creating unbreachable virtual walls between virtual machines that sit on the same server remains “an open research problem that we, and others, are working on,” he says.
Talbot notes that Amazon’s statement also calls the side-channel method implausible. “The side channel techniques presented are based on testing results from a carefully controlled lab environment with configurations that do not match the actual Amazon EC2 environment. As the researchers point out, there are a number of factors that would make such an attack significantly more difficult in practice.”
Amazon also said it had tightened access credential procedures, though this is not of direct relevance to the new paper.
HSNW will publish a special report on the security aspects of cloud computing. For more information contact Cindy Whitman at [email protected], or (503) 546-9977
