New fertilizer can be used to grow food – but not build bombs

terrorist’s perspective, ammonium nitrate has an Achilles heel. The ammonium ion is weakly attached to the nitrate ion. They hang onto each other, but the right chemical reaction can easily pull them apart.

Fleming reasoned you could separate the ions by adding a compound they would rather cling to, called a metathesis reaction. “It would change into something else at the molecular level,” he said.

Fleming tried several materials including iron sulfate, a readily available compound that steel foundries throw away by the tons. When mixed with ammonium nitrate, the iron ion “grabs” the nitrate and the ammonium ion takes the sulfate ion. Iron sulfate becomes iron nitrate and ammonium nitrate becomes ammonium sulfate.

This reaction occurs if someone tries to alter the fertilizer to make it detonable when mixed with a fuel.

“The ions would rather be with different partners,” Fleming said. “The iron looks at the ammonium nitrate and says, ‘Can I have your nitrate rather than my sulfate?’ and the ammonium nitrate says, ‘I like sulfate, so I’ll trade you.’”

Ammonium sulfate and iron nitrate are not detonable, even when mixed with a fuel, as is ammonium nitrate.

“It’s a different compound,” said Fleming, who completed work on the formula in late 2012. “At the chemical level it’s a great fertilizer but does not detonate.”

Sandia chemical engineer Vicki Chavez ran a small-scale proof-of-concept of the reaction, and validated it.

“We were able to prove that there was little to no ammonium nitrate left in the resulting process,” she said. “It was very cool. We looked at pure ammonium nitrate and pure ammonium sulfate. The resulting sample looked more like ammonium sulfate.”

Fleming said iron sulfate in fertilizer adds iron and acidifies soil. “It does good things for soil health.

It takes alkaline soil and makes it more neutral, closer to an ideal pH level,” he said. “The closer you get a neutral pH, the more crops grow. Crop yield would improve significantly.

“And iron-containing fertilizer added to the soil would be taken up in crops and help fight anemia and other iron deficiencies in people who eat them.”

The soil in Afghanistan is alkaline with a high pH, and could benefit from an ammonium nitrate/iron sulfate fertilizer, Fleming said. “What they use now, ammonium nitrate with calcium carbonate — which makes soil more alkaline — doesn’t make sense,” he said.

Danger to soldiers
The release notes that Sandia could have patented the formula but opted to waive ownership rights for humanitarian reasons.

“One of Sandia’s priorities is deploying the technologies that result from our research for the public good,” said Pete Atherton, senior manager of industry partnerships at Sandia. “We think that making the fertilizer formula as accessible as possible is the best way to accomplish this mission.”

Replacing ammonium nitrate with a non-detonable fertilizer in Afghanistan and other parts of the world will not happen overnight, Fleming said. Ammonium nitrate is produced in huge plants in many locations. “It’s easy to get in large quantities,” he said. “The sheer volume of ammonium nitrate is gigantic.”

He said, however, that there are some ideas about how to get the non-detonable formula, which would not cost more to produce, into the marketplace. “We could give the formula to a neutral party and let them work with the Afghans, Pakistanis and others,” he said. “They could set up side-by-side demonstrations to see which fertilizer works better. Prove it to them gradually.”

Fleming has informed JIEDDO of his results. He said his sense of urgency in tackling the issue came from looking into the eyes of hundreds of soldiers he trained in anti-IED tactics. “Explosive Ordnance Disposal techs see a lot of IEDs, and about one third of them will die, be maimed or injured by IEDs before getting through their tours, and most from ammonium nitrate-based explosives,” he said.

At a meeting last year in Crystal City, Virginia, Fleming sat next to an ex-Marine who had lost both legs trying to find IEDs. “He had a metal detector, but some bombs are chemically initiated with no metal parts. He stepped on a non-metal trigger and set off a blast that took off both legs. He became a double amputee in milliseconds. So when I sit next to him and see the aftermath of an IED, I have to think of any way possible to keep this from happening.”